2002
Western
and Pacific Association of
Criminal Justice Educators
Conference
Schedule
Lake Tahoe, Nevada
1:00-5:00:
Registration
Horizon conference room
1:00-1:30:
Welcome and Opening Remarks
Michelle
Heward, President WPACJE
Craig Hemmens, Vice-President, WPACJE
1:30-2:15:
The Status of ACJS
Richard
Bennett, ACJS President
Question and answer session
2:15-3:30:
Session One: Victims and Offenders
The Idaho Victimization Survey 2001
Mary K. Stohr
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
Mstohr@boisestate.edu
Larinda Valdon
Salvador Vazquez
Idaho Statistical Analysis Bureau
There
has been a steady decline in crime victimization, as per the National Crime
Victimization Survey (NCVS), over the last twenty years. The Idaho Crime
Victimization Survey (ICVS), now in its fourth year of data generation, has
yielded a similar picture of decreasing crime in most categories, with some
disturbing, trends upward. Using
data collected from a telephone survey of a statewide, representative sample
of Idahoans, we describe the patterns in crime victimization that mark this
rural mountain state. We then
provide information on the offender and victim characteristics of crime in
Idaho. We also explore
some crime categories not included in the NCVS, such as domestic violence,
child abuse, sexual harassment and hate crime.
Is Restorative Justice
Appropriate for Cases of Hate Crime?
Terri L. Kelly
Research Assistant, Hate Crime Research Network
Sociology/Criminology Department
Portland State University
PO Box 751
Portland, OR 97207
terri@q7.com
A
restorative approach to justice focuses on healing the harm done to victims
and communities as a result of criminal acts. Hate
crimes are intended to send a threatening message to a particular group of
people. This paper summarizes results from a critical review of restorative
justice principles and practices, and how they may impact hate crime victims
and offenders. Suggestions are
made for future areas of research. This paper summarizes one focus of my
M.S. thesis: A Critical Review of Issues in Applying Restorative Justice
Principles and Practices to Cases of Hate Crime.
Sexual Assault Task
Forces and the University: Is the Force with Us?
Megan Symons
Criminal Justice Program
Washington State University
P.O. Box 644880
Pullman, WA 99164-4880
megan@moscow.com
Sexual
assault is a serious problem on university campuses.
Recent studies suggest that 1 in 5 college women will be the victim
of sexual assault during her time at school.
A common approach used by many universities is to create a sexual
assault task force or prevention group to address campus-wide issues related
to sexual assault. We do not
know, however, whether these groups are successful.
This study investigates a sexual assault task force at a large public
university in the Pacific Northwest and the environment in which the task
force both thrived and died.
Dialogue
With the Dying: A Needs Assessment of Dialogue Between the Dying Violent
Offender and His Victim
Marilee Cross
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
MCross1017@aol.com
There is
a place tucked quietly in the hills of Vacaville, California. It
the California Medical Facility. Within
this institution is a seventeen bed hospice unit where inmates go to die;
many of whom carry the burden of guilt for the crimes they committed.
This study relates to the dying inmate and his victim and asks the
question: Is there a need for dialogue before death comes?
Qualitative data is presented, including a needs assessment of the
victims, the dying offenders, and gate keepers. The study weaves the views of each into a work which can
offer hope, compassion, understanding and a unique twist to those who view
dying as the end.
3:30-3:45
Afternoon Break
3:45-5:00:
Session Two: Issues in Policing
Does
“Broken Windows” Law Enforcement Reduce Serious Crime?
John
Worrall
Department of Criminal Justice
California State University-San Bernardino
5500 University Parkway
San Bernardino, CA 92407-2397
jworrall@csus.edu
The
broken windows theory claims that if low levels of disorder and deviance are
not prioritized by law enforcement agencies, more serious crimes are likely
to follow. However, there have been few adequate tests of the theory.
This paper attempts to compensate for deficiencies in previous
research by reporting on a test of the broken windows theory that controlled
for other explanations of crime. The
results suggest that more vigorous enforcement of minor crimes can help to
reduce the future incidence of more serious crimes.
Furthermore, the results indicate that charging practices of local
district attorneys can also have an impact on the crime rate.
Police Executive
Compensation: An Analysis of Organizational and Political-Contextual Pay
Determinants in the Largest U.S. Cities
Ronald Helms
Department of Sociology
Western Washington University
Bellingham, WA 98225-9081
Ronald.Helms@wwu.edu
This
study uses data from the 1993 LEMAS survey, the 1990 Census, and other
sources to assess the effects of organizational and community factors on pay
variation for police executives in the largest U.S. cities. Several
organizational indicators are strong predictors of pay, as are social
inequality controls. The most important finding is that politically reformed
cities and cities with the most progressive police agencies award enhanced
compensation for their top law enforcement executive. Professional and political risks associated with
administration of a diversified and progressive agency are undoubtedly
elevated, and so rewards must be enhanced to draw and retain talented agency
leadership.
The Qualities of the Ideal Police Officer
Wayne D. Williams
Criminal Justice Program
Southern Utah University
351 West Center Street
Cedar City, UT 84720
williamsw@suu.edu
The
evolution of the American Peace Officer has traveled a hard journey, from
the tough and heavy-handed brute of yesteryear to the holistically fit cop
of today. This paper will
include some historic data relative to policing in America as it pertains to
those who do the policing. Also,
classroom research discloses how some criminal justice students portray the
qualities expected in the ideal police officer. Considering that: “Police Work is Most Violent Job,”
according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics study that was released in
December 2001, there seems to be a need to seek, find, and employ those
potential candidates that most closely resemble “The Ideal Police
Officer.”
Security
and the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics
Lamar Jordan
Criminal Justice Program
Southern Utah University
351 West Center Street
Cedar City, UT 84720
jordan@suu.edu
In
view of the attacks of September 11, organizers of the Winter Olympics
called upon law enforcement agencies and security experts in an
unprecedented effort to provide security at this international event.
The safety of over 100,000 visitors from throughout the world
presented a monumental challenge for the Olympic security team.
Along with thousands of others, I had the opportunity to participate
in this international event and to be involved in the security effort.
This paper reports on the security plan, the law enforcement agencies
involved, the methods used, my own assignment, and my observations.
5:00:
Dinner on your own
8:30-4:00
Registration: Horizon conference room
8:30-9:45:
Session Three: Statutory Analysis of Criminal JUstice System
Roles
Craig Hemmens (moderator)
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
chemmens@boisestate.edu
The Corrections Role
Laura Kelley
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
laurakelley@mail.boisestate.edu
The Probation and
Parole Role
Marcus Purkis and Misty
Kifer
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
mpurkis@mail.boisestate.edu
mmkif@msn.com
The Community
Corrections Role
Jamie Wada
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
jcwada@yahoo.com
The Police Role
George Fliege
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
GeorgFliege@aol.com
Each
of these papers involves a review of the statutory provisions in all fifty
states regarding the role of a particular criminal justice agent.
This study replicates studies done circa 1990 by Burton et. al.
Changes since 1990 are highlighted and trends in the roles of criminal
justice agents, as perceived by legislators, are discussed.
9:45-10:00
Morning Break
10:00-11:30
Session Four: Supreme Court 2001 Term Panel
Craig Hemmens
Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
chemmens@boisestate.edu
Michelle Heward
Department of Criminal Justice
Weber State University
Ogden UT 84408-1206
MHEWARD@weber.edu
John Worrall
Department of Criminal Justice
California State University-San Bernardino
5500 University Parkway
San Bernardino, CA 92407-2397
jworrall@csus.edu
Robert Harvie
Department of Criminal Justice
Saint Martin’s College
5300 Pacific Avenue SE
Lacey, WA 98503
rharvie@stmartin.edu
Michael McCrystal
Division of Criminal Justice
California State University, Sacramento
6000 J Street
Sacramento, CA 95819-6085
mccrystlem@csus.edu
A
discussion of the most significant criminal justice-related decisions handed
down by the United States Supreme Court during the 2001-2002 term.
The Court made a number of rulings that will have a direct impact on
the administration of criminal justice, including the death penalty, search
and seizure, the right to counsel, and corrections practices.
Each member of the panel will briefly discuss several related cases,
and then the panel will open up the floor for discussion and questions.
11:30-1:15
Luncheon
General
Business meeting
Recognition
of Michelle Heward, outgoing WPACJE President
2002
Election Results and Installation of new officers
1:15-2:30:
Session Five: Corrections and the Community
Philosophy,
Fear, and Liability: A Qualitative Analysis of Community Corrections
Officers
Faith
E. Lutze
Washington
State University
Criminal
Justice Program
P.O.
Box 644880
Pullman,
WA 99164‑4880
lutze@wsu.edu
R.
Peggy P. Smith
Planning
and Research Section
Washington
State Department of Corrections
P.O.
Box 41106
Olympia, WA
98504‑1106
Community
corrections officers are often overlooked in the corrections literature when
considering officer stress, perceptions of danger, and issues related to
liability when supervising offenders. Most
studies of professionals working in criminal justice consider police
officers or corrections officers working within institutions.
This study provides a qualitative analysis of the perceptions and
experiences of community corrections officers as they relate to their
correctional philosophy, the potential for victimization, and the threat of
being held liable for their actions.
Are We Really So Different?
Kate King
Center for the Study of
Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections
Southern Illinois
University
Carbondale, Il 62901-4504
kateking@siu.edu
John
Smykla in “The Human Impact of Capital Punishment: Interviews of Families
of Persons on Death Row” (1987) found that family members of condemned
killers responded to the social situations in which they found themselves
in three major ways: self accusation, social isolation, and feelings
of powerlessness. From these
three methods of response flowed a myriad
of consequences. This author's
research has focused primarily on the
coping mechanisms of the families of murder victims.
It is this author's conclusion that both families
of murderers and murder victims respond in similar ways and
suffer similar consequences. These
consequences and policy implications for criminal
justice personnel are discussed.
Forgiveness Among Homicide Survivors
Richard D. Clark
Sociology Department
John Carroll University
University Heights, Ohio
44118
rclark@jcu.edu
Maurice Cole
Center for Health
Promotion Research
Case Western Reserve
University
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
mlc24@po.cwru.edu
While
interest in forgiveness between victims and offenders is growing, there has
been little empirical work that addresses victims feelings toward the
offender, including feelings of forgiveness.
Research on forgiveness suggests that the process of forgiveness is
both difficult and long term in nature.
This paper will present preliminary findings of a pilot study of
forgiveness among surviving family members of homicide victims.
It will discuss the survivors feelings towards the offender, their
beliefs about the value of forgiveness, and the factors that influence these
decisions. Implications for the
restorative justice movement will be discussed.
Methamphetamine
Use in Utah: Implications for Criminal Justice
Robert
Wadman
Michelle
E. Heward
Department
of Criminal Justice
Weber
State University
Ogden
UT 84408-1206
MHEWARD@weber.edu
Rwadman@weber.edu
Methamphetamine
is highly addictive, easy to manufacture, and has a detrimental impact on
the environment. Like other western states, Utah has experienced a dramatic
increase in methamphetamine violations in the past five years. Concerned about these increases and the community impact, the
U.S. Department of Justice, funded a grant to develop research data
regarding methamphetamine use. The
research project was designed to determine the extent of the methamphetamine
problem in two northern Utah counties. This presentation is on the
descriptive study of methamphetamine related issues that addresses a wide
variety of characteristics of the methamphetamine community in Northern
Utah, and discusses its implications for law enforcement, courts,
corrections and treatment interests.
2:30-2:45
Afternoon Break
2:45-4:00:
Session Six: Issues in Juvenile Justice
Preventing Truancy: An Assessment of the Ada County
Attendance Court Program
David Mueller
Andrew Giacomazzi
Department of Criminal
Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
dmueller@boisestate.edu
agiacom@boisestate.edu
On
any given day, hundreds of thousand of youth are absent from school; many
are absent without an excuse and thus deemed truant.
Truancy has been shown to be highly predictive of academic
difficulty, more serious delinquent behavior, and school dropout.
Thus, the prevention of truancy is assumed to have beneficial effects
far into the future. This study
provides an overview of an innovative truancy abatement program operating in
southwestern Idaho known as the Ada County Attendance Court.
Qualitative and quantitative data are presented to show how the
program operates and how it differs from other truancy prevention programs
nationwide.
The Social Ecology of Violent Juvenile Crime
Donald R. Dixon
Division of Criminal
Justice
California State
University, Sacramento
6000 J Street
Sacramento, CA 95819-6085
ddixon9769@aol.com
This
paper utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and its ability
to calculate density functions in geographic space to calculate the worst
“hot spots” of juvenile violence in Dallas, Texas in the late 1990s.
Using data for a two-year period I determine the eight worst hot
spots for juvenile violence. I then examine the social, ecological and demographic
characteristics of these hot spots.
Juvenile Probation Officers' Safety and
Victimization on the Job
Lisa A. Rapp-Paglicci
School of Social Work
University of Nevada-Las Vegas
4505 Maryland Parkway
Las Vegas, NV 89123
lrapp@ccmail.nevada.edu
Juvenile
probation officers have recently begun to express concerns about their
safety and welfare while on the job, particularly while conducting field
visits in juvenile offenders' homes and communities. Sixty-six juvenile probation officers in a Southwest, urban
area were surveyed to determine their concerns about their safety at work
and their victimization on the job. The
results suggest that juvenile probation officers are not victimized as often
as expected in the field, but are more often victimized in their office.
Finally, officers who have high concerns for their safety are not the
individuals who have been victimized previously.
Juvenile Offenders Waived to
Criminal Court in Idaho 1995-1999
Ben Steiner
Department of Criminal
Justice Administration
Canyon County Juvenile
Probation Department
Boise State University
Boise, ID 83725-1955
BSteiner@CanyonCounty.org
Over
the past twenty years the juvenile justice system had moved from the
rehabilitative model to the accountability model.
This has largely mirrored the “get tough” era in the adult
criminal justice system. One of
the trends that has emerged is the increase in juveniles waived to criminal
court. Although on the surface this appears to be a way to get tougher on
serious and violent juvenile offenders, the research has indicated that the
process is merely cosmetic. In
the current study, the author examines what has occurred in Idaho during the
years 1995 and 1999. Initially
it appears Idaho courts are tougher on juvenile offenders, but when examined
further some different results emerge.
4:15-5:30:
Executive Board Business Meeting
6:00-9:00:
President’s Reception
Saturday, October 5
8:30-10:00
Registration: Horizon conference room
8:30-9:45:
Session Seven: Teaching Issues
I Know My Rights:
Students Knowledge of the United States Constitution
Lawrence Trostle
JusticeCenter
University of Alaska
Anchorage
Anchorage, AK 99508
aflct@uaa.alaska.edu
This
study replicates previous research conducted and published in 1990 on
University students’ knowledge of the United States Constitution.
Fifteen questions were asked of students at both ends of the decade
(1990--2002) addressing basic constitutional knowledge.
The findings are not encouraging.
Issues In Developing And Teaching
An Undergraduate Criminal Justice Course On American Jails
Michael D. Norman
Department of Criminal
Justice
Weber State University
Ogden, UT 84408-1206
mnorman@weber.edu
This
paper examines some of the issues related to developing and teaching a new
undergraduate course on American jails. The paper briefly reviews the
treatment afforded jails by criminal justice education programs as well as
possible rationales for a course on jails. In addition, the paper presents a paradigm for the design and
implementation of a jails course. The
paper concludes with a discussion of Weber State University's experience
with its new jails class, including student reaction to the course.
Service Learning and Pedagogy:
The Sac Mentoring Program
Ricky S. Gutierrez, Sac
Mentoring Faculty Coordinator
Forrest Silberstein,
Graduate student mentor
Criminal Justice Division
California State
University, Sacramento
6000 J Street
Sacramento,
CA 95819-6085
rickyg@hhs4.hhs.csus.edu
One purpose of a service-learning
course is to provide meaningful community service for students in a public
organization. A working
relationship with Sacramento High School has allowed students at CSUS to
serve as mentors for high school students experiencing academic
deficiencies, excessive absences, or those who present disciplinary
challenges. The main goal of
the Sac Mentoring program is to provide assistance to high school youth who
are at risk academic failure and to allow college students the opportunity
to engage in the integration of theoretical tenets taught in various courses
with problems experienced in the real world.
The
Community College Law Enforcement Academy and the Need for an Integrated
Curriculum
Ronald J. Casey
Community College of
Southern Nevada
Southern Nevada Law
Enforcement Academy
ron_casey@ccsn.nevada.edu
This
paper presents the perspective that there must be an integrated curriculum
for a community college law enforcement academy. It
also supports the belief that community colleges can meet a dual mission of
providing training for a state regulatory agency and education that complies
with the academic standards of higher education.
Students at community college law enforcement academies will be
enrolled in professional and workforce development courses. Curriculum
and instruction issues will be discussed regarding the use of an active
learning environment. Competency
of the integrated curriculum will be measured through stressful
“real-world” scenarios, vignettes, and role playing.
9:45-10:00
Morning Break
10:00-11:30: Session Eight: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice
Teen
Court Legislation
Michelle
E. Heward
Department
of Criminal Justice
Weber
State University
Ogden, UT 84408-1206
MHEWARD@weber.edu
Teen
courts are juvenile justice diversion programs found in most states.
Programs vary significantly between, and even within, states, making
regulation cumbersome. Their
grass roots nature requires legislative latitude so each program can meet
the specific needs of the communities they serve.
States have passed both specific, as well as broad, legislation
acknowledging their existence and providing referral sources.
The research and subsequent article that is the subject of this
presentation examines teen court legislation from every state, analyzes
each, and draws conclusions about teen courts from a legislative
perspective.
The Evolution of Territorial Jurisdiction in
Alaska: Circa 1867 to 1905
Lawrence Trostle
Justice Center
University of Alaska
Anchorage
Anchorage, AK 99508
aflct@uaa.alaska.edu
This
paper will discuss the influence of various entities on the establishment
and enforcement of civil and criminal law in Alaska.
The jurisdiction in Alaska was influenced
by the Treaty of Cession, the U.S. Army,
U.S. Navy, Revenue Marine Service, Tribal Police, Tribal Courts, and
Tribal Law. The primary focus
will be on the period from 1867 to 1902. The paper will also address how these various
“jurisdictions” attempted to deal with the
control of and
use of alcohol; alcohol was recognized as a
major problem in Territorial Alaska.
Intent Versus Outcome: A
Review of Recent Immigration Cases
Marlyn J. Jones
Division of Criminal
Justice
California State
University, Sacramento
6000 J Street
Sacramento, CA 95819-6085
marlyn@csus.edu
The
1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act sought to
free up prison space, save taxpayers money and reduce illegal immigration. Expedited
deportation and penalties for re-entry were intended to give
"teeth" to the legislation. However
recent reports indicate that courts are currently swamped by immigration
cases and immigration detentions have increased, requiring an outlay of
resources and increased detention spaces. Using
randomly selected immigration court cases, this paper addresses the intent
versus the outcome of the legislation.
Emotional and Verbal Oppression: Their Link to
Non-Fatal School Violence
Lisa Hutchinson Wallace
Department of Justice
University of Alaska at Fairbanks
501C Gruenig Bldg.
Fairbanks, AK 99775
fflhw@uaf.edu
The
purpose of this study was to examine the commission of non-fatal school
violence from the theoretical framework of differential oppression theory.
Specifically, this research seeks to address the effect of less
serious forms of abuse, such as emotional and verbal abuse, on school-based
delinquency. Therefore, less
serious forms of oppression were measured along several indices including
parental punitiveness, negative relationship with teachers, peer-related
student victimization, school/peer hassles, anger, frustration, and
self-esteem. Multiple
regression were then used to examine the data.
The Impact of the U.S. Supreme
Court’s Federalism Decisions On The Criminal Justice System
Colleen C. Morin
Robert P. Morin
Department of Political
Science
University of Nevada, Reno
Reno, Nevada 89557
rpmorin@unr.nevada.edu
The
Supreme Court assumes a highly visible position and a very important role in
deciding cases that impact the criminal justice system.
The conservative Rehnquist Court has handed down many decisions that
have impacted civil liberties. While
much attention is directed to the Rehnquist Court's decisions that impact
criminal procedure and civil liberties, little attention is directed to the
impact of the Rehnquist Court's federalism decisions on the criminal justice
system. This paper discusses
the relationship of federalism and the criminal justice system.
This paper shall also discuss the Rehnquist Court's federalism
decisions that have impacted the criminal justice system.
11:30-12:30
Lunch on your own
12:30-2:30
Casino Security tour
2:30-4:30 Outdoor Activity (TBA)