2000 Preliminary Conference Schedule Holiday Inn- NorthEast Sacramento, California Thursday, October 1212:00-5:00 Registration 1:00-1:30 /Welcome/Opening Remarks 1:30-3:00 Session One Presenters: Kimberley McPherson and Marni Wood, California State University-Chico, "Assessing the Effectiveness of Drug Diversion in Butte County: A Qualitative and Quantitative Case Study of Butte County Drug Court" The War on Drugs began in the 1970s and continues into the millennium. This "war" has resulted in both overcrowding and increased expenditures within the court system as well as within America’s jails and prisons. In response to this growing problem, drug courts were adopted. These courts specialize in handling certain types of drug offenders, diverting them from the normal criminal judicial process and into treatment programs involving supervision. The first drug court was adopted in 1989 in Dade County Florida, and the number of drug courts has spread throughout the United States over the last decade. Many consider drug courts to be effective in deterring crime, however drug court program evaluation is needed in order to assess effectiveness. Currently, California has the greatest number of drug courts in the nation. This paper presents a case study of demographics of participants since the courts implementation in 1995. Robert P. Morin, California State University-Chico, "The Americans With Disabilities Act: Statutory Provisions and Application for Law Enforcement Agencies" Discrimination has been present in a variety of forms throughout the history of the United States. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s raised consciousness in the United States regarding discrimination and sought to end discriminatory practices aimed at racial and ethnic minorities and women. In response, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Disabled and handicapped individuals received limited attention and protection from discriminatory practices from Congress until 1990. In July of 1990 the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President Bush on July 26, 1990. The ADA is considered to be one of the most sweeping non-discrimination pieces of legislation since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It is estimated that the ADA affords protection to as many as 43 million people who suffer mental or physical impairment. The ADA provides individuals with disabilities with equal opportunity in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications. This paper shall provide a historical overview of the statutory provisions that serves as the foundation for the ADA. This paper shall also examine the provisions of the ADA and the application of the ADA to law enforcement agencies. Harvey N. Morley, California State University-Long Beach Throughout the nation police departments and other agencies of our criminal justice system have come under increasingly intense public scrutiny. Issues revolving around what is or is not deemed appropriate ethical behavior on the part of those charged with the responsibility of protecting public safety are continually being raised. This paper reports the results of a pilot study, using judgement sampling, regarding the issue of whether or not ethics should be included as a portion of training curriculum in law enforcement agencies. Ron Helms, Western Washington University, "Political Contexts, Leadership Bases, Individual Level Risk and Planned Change Efforts: A Conceptual Inquiry" Differences in Police and Sheriffs office political bases are identified by several authors and suggest that relations within the organization and between the respective organizations and their communities will vary substantially. This paper draws on the insight of previous work and seeks to elaborate implications for organizational change and innovation efforts. Specifically, theoretical logic relating to alternative consequences of differing political bases imply that sheriffs agencies will have a greater probability of succeeding in their efforts to reform their agencies goals and activities than will police agencies. Implications associated with individual-level risks and organizational resistance are discussed. The discussion also has direct implications for directed efforts to accomplish changes in the area of a more community-oriented style of social control. Discussion of these implications and directions for further research are highlighted.3:00-3:15 Afternoon Break (refreshments provided) 3:15-5:15 Session Two3:15-5:15 Session Two Presenters: Robert Harvie, St. Martin’s College, "Montana’s Country Life Movement and the Social Control of Rural Children" The country life movement at turn of the 20th century was an effort by reformers to uplift farm life. This paper focuses on Montana’s country life movement and reformer’s efforts to ensure that rural children remained on the farm. Montana’s country life reformers, through their suggestions to rural parents for rearing farm children and proposals to improve rural education, sought to instill a belief in young children that the farm was the best place for children to be. The implications of this belief system are explored. Kate King, Boise State University, "Families of Murder Victims and Families of the Condemned: Similar Experiences? A Work in Progress" While capital punishment has long been a topic of both scholarly research and popular debate, there has been little attention paid to the impact on the families affected by a homicide. As devastating as the murder must be to the family of the victim, it is reasonable to believe the family of the killer may suffer as well. Both groups will be affected by events they cannot control. They may grapple with feelings of guilt, shame, powerlessness, and depression. Both groups must deal with the death of a loved one when a capital sentence is handed down. Both groups will be changed socially, one as the family of the person who was murdered, and one as the family of the murderer. This paper will review the available literature on the impact of capital crimes on both types of families, and propose a research project based on primary data. In that project, relatives of both murder victims and the condemned killers will be interviewed. Their comments, impressions, and experiences will be compared and contrasted. It is this author’s belief there will be many similarities between the two groups. Robert Meadows, "Blood Money: A Case of Criminal Justice in Saudi Arabia" In 1997, two British nurses working in Saudi Arabia were charged with the murder of a colleague. Both were subsequently arrested and convicted. Both faced the grim possibility of execution by beheading. This presentation focuses on the Saudi justice system and the experiences of the two nurses. The process of justice and Saudi criminal law is examined, as well as legal maneuvering which eventually freed the nurses. Comparisons are made between the Saudi system and Western nations. Lamar Jordan, Southern Utah University, "Internships: A Viable Part of Criminal Justice Programs " The purpose of this paper is to discuss the procedures for implementing an internship program at a college or university, and to consider the benefits of providing internship opportunities for students of criminal justice. Students pursuing a bachelor’s degree log voluminous hours sitting in a classroom receiving instructions in the theoretical and hypothetical arena with very little attention given to practical application. They are taught about the three components (law enforcement, the courts, and corrections) of the criminal justice system, but there are limitations placed upon learning in a classroom setting. An internship is a way to fill this void by providing valuable hands-on learning experiences that cannot be duplicated in the traditional classroom. Larry Trostle and John Riley, University of Alaska-Anchorage, "Contemporary Film In The Criminal Justice Classroom" This paper reports findings from focus group interviews conducted with justice students who had recently taken a course using film to explore selected justice issues. Students were asked to evaluate their experiences in the class and to provide suggestions that might be helpful to the instructor. This paper addresses the strengths and weaknesses of film as a pedagogical tool and offers suggestions for those who want to make greater use of films in their own classes. Wayne Williams, Southern Utah University, "Ethical Issues in Law Enforcement at the Entry Level and Beyond " Recruiting and then involving quality human resources in today’s law enforcement agencies throughout the United States is a common subject of concern and a challenging enterprise in organizational management and development. The cry for reform and the need to correct police corruption, brutality, and other unethical behavior must be addressed by those who have the responsibility to recruit, employ, train, and promote within any given agency. This paper will give attention to some of the ethical issues that should be carefully screened for at the entry level of recruitment of peace officers and then beyond as the employee moves throughout his/her career. 5:15 Evening on own 8:30-10:00 Session Three Moderator: Discussion of leading Criminal Justice cases from the 1999 Supreme Court term. Each presenter will summarize different cases and the panel will discuss the cases. 10:00-10:15 Morning Break (refreshments provided) 10:15-11:45 Session Four Moderator: Panelists will discuss the process and effects of the Western Regional Institute for Community Oriented Public Safety’s On-site assessment program. This program provides law enforcement agencies in 5 western states with an organizational and community assessment designed to aid agencies in their transition to community policing. 12:00-1:30 Luncheon and Guest Speaker 1:30-3:00 Session Five Moderator: Participants: 3:00-3:15 Afternoon Break (refreshments provided) 3:15-4:45 Session Six Moderator: Participants: The presentation will introduce the participants to the Framework Document which is intended to serve as a guide for utilizing Restorative Justice Principles in responding to conflicts, disputes and offenses in Fresno County’s criminal justice systems and other institutions and agencies. 5:00-6:00 WPACJE GENERAL BUSINESS MEETING
6:00-8:00 President’s Reception: Hosted by Larry Trostle _______________________________________________________ Saturday, October 14 8:00-10:00 Registration 8:30-10:00 Session Seven Presenters: Restorative justice seeks to "restore" a community after it is harmed because of a crime. Related Victim-Offender Mediation Programs seek to increase satisfaction and perceptions of fairness among its participants. This paper focuses narrowly on possible racial bias effects that may occur during this process. Because there is evidence of racial disparity in contemporary justice processes, it is reasonable to infer that we might expect to see some form of racial bias in mediation programs. Specifically, it is anticipated that variables related to biasing effects in the current justice system will be less restrained in mediation programs involving community members. Ernest Nickels, Washington State University, "Different Bumper Stickers: Restorative Justice and the Western Legal Tradition" This paper is an attempt to establish understanding of what it is "to do" restorative justice and how this new justice paradigm is distinct from the traditional Western approaches to justice both in its rhetoric and in its outcomes for individuals, its organizational characteristics, and its implications at the societal level. This paper proceeds through a critical perspective to analyze the many promises of restorative justice by examining the data available in the literature relevant to positive claims of the paradigm, as well as through consideration of potentially problematic assumptions and ambitions. Ellen C. Lemley and Gregory D. Russell, Washington State University, "Implementing by Groping Along: A Struggle in Program Evolutionary Implementation" A coalition of county justice officials in a medium sized county in a Northwestern state launched a plan to implement an adult restorative justice program. Focusing on nonviolent offenders, it sought to involve offenders, victims, families, and community members in resolution of problems associated with an offense. The program sought to avoid jail, formal court action, and traditional prosecution, replacing the traditional system with community site councils staffed by neighborhood volunteers to guide offenders, community members and victims in a determination of the harm committed, to assign service and restitution, and to determine the needed assistance for offenders and their families. While the initial design of the program called for a fully restorative program, some members took actions to alter program design during its first iteration. However, as still other players entered and left the evolving program, an agenda for change emerged again, suggesting strategies to re-energize a program, and implement the original design by "groping along." The paper concludes with observations on strategies for implementation by groping along and using mechanisms of side-payments, bypassing, competition, and "member flooding" all of which served to break down prior opposition and invite a restructured program more similar to the original design. The implications for innovative justice programs are discussed by focusing on program design and implementation strategies. 10:00-10:45 10:00-10:45 Presentation by Todd Clear, President of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and Morning Break (refreshments provided) 10:45-12:15 Session Eight Presenters: Bernadette Olson and Gregory D. Russell, Washington State University, "Police Stress: A Meta and Comparative Analysis of the Literature" Over the past thirty years, the notion of police stress has become an important topic within the sub-discipline. Indeed, it has achieved a position of prominence in the literature and is generally accepted with only minimal dissent. This study executes a meta-analysis of the extant literature on police stress, while also comparing it to the literature in other stressful professions, including corrections and critical medical care. The study concludes that the evidence is less than convincing that the profession causes stress, that it differs from stress in other professions and that the operationalization of the concept has been poorly implemented in most studies, rendering the findings relatively useless for theory building. Suggested research strategies are suggested to remedy the condition of the research. Terry Gingerich, Washington State University, "Friends or Foe: Accreditation and Community Policing in Washington" Accreditation and community policing serve very different but critical functions within the modern police -- community administrative control and democratic participation. The question at issue is whether the two reforms are compatible given their differing tenets and whether accreditation is hostile, or directly or indirectly supportive of COP. This study examines the activities and philosophies of Washington’s 61 accredited police agencies (those operating under mandatory administrative procedures) to determine whether they are more involved, or less involved with community and problem – oriented policing strategies when compared to the 222 non-accredited police agencies in Washington, which operate under autonomous standards. Michael J. Gaffney and Nicholas P. Lovrich, Washington State University-Pullman "Community Oriented Policing at the State Level: A Preliminary Examination of the Washington State Patrol’s Problem Oriented Policing Program " Community Oriented Policing (COP) has been the focus of significant attention at both the academic and the applied levels for a number of years. Nearly all of this activity, however, has been focused on the city or county level. This paper details the results of a preliminary study of the Washington State Patrol’s (WSP) effort to incorporate COPphilosophy and practices into its operations at the (multi-county) district level. Responses from a citizen survey conducted by Washington State University indicate that COP approaches such as collaborative problem solving may be successfully transferred to larger jurisdictional areas. Vickie L. Clark, Washington State University, "Extremist Groups: An Analysis Using Social Identity Theory" This paper analyzes extremist group behavior using Social Identity Theory. Social
Identity Theory is a social psychological theory of intergroup relations, group processes
and the social self; and is based on cognitive properties and social beliefs. Two
important concepts frequently used by social psychologists are the terms
"belief" and "group." To date, beliefs have been studies mainly on the
intra-individual level, rather than as a group phenomenon. This paper examines the
behavioral aspects of "extremism," followed by a brief description of the
"extremist" group, and ends with an analysis of these groups using Social
Identity Theory. 1:15-2:15 Session Nine This is a 35mm slide presentation. This material and slides were developed after extensive work in the field, especially in Southeast Asia. The presentation is 30-50 minutes in length. It covers:
2:15-2:30 Afternoon Break (refreshments provided) 2:30-3:30 Directors Meeting
Afternoon Tour Evening on your own _______________________________________________________ Sunday, November 8 8:00-10:00 Continental breakfast at hotel Directors’ Business Meeting
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